Climate change is already a reality. The latest assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that global climate change is already damaging crops and undermining food production capacity in much of the world, particularly in poor countries. Negative impacts on crop yields have been more prevalent than positive ones. Even worse, that is often the case for staple foods such as wheat and maize, which feed much of the global population.
Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change. The region is marked by strong dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural resources, high levels of poverty, and limited infrastructure in rural areas. This region is projected to suffer further water stress, more frequent droughts, floods, and other alteration in rainfall patterns, leading to lower agriculture yields unless adaptation measures are taken. Furthermore, climate change is likely to reduce the land suitable for agriculture, potentially leading to increases in clearing of native forest and pasture lands for crop cultivation, with a consequent significant increase in carbon release. The effects of climate change on African agriculture thus are severe and a major challenge.
In this context, the barriers and
opportunities for promoting climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in
sub-Saharan Africa have been document by various consultants in the following countries. This means agriculture that: (i) increases
productivity and income, (ii) adapts and builds resilience to climate
change, and (iii) reduces greenhouse gas emissions where needed.
Scoping studies through the work of national consultants and
assessed practices and policies in 15 Eastern and Southern African
countries (Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Lesotho,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa,
Swaziland, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe). Each of those
consultants conducted literature reviews, policy reviews, and
key-informant interviews with multiple stakeholders in their countries. The report for Mauritius is available at the
FANRPAN website.
Results
Our findings reveal that the onset impacts of climate change
(particularly droughts, floods, and other alterations in rain patterns,
with their associated impacts on crop yields and livestock) are already
being perceived both by formal experts and by rural populations across
Eastern and Southern Africa. Yet, the promotion and uptake of CSA
practices remain limited. All countries have examples of both
traditional and research-based agricultural practices that can be deemed
climate-smart, but they are not mainstreamed and still receive limited
support. Such practices include both agroecological techniques (e.g.
mulching, intercropping, agroforestry, mixed farming) and agricultural
biotechnology, such as high-yield and/or drought-tolerant crop varieties
and livestock breeds.
Similarly, Eastern and Southern African countries generally have
policies on agriculture and climate change – and do recognize the
impacts of the latter on the former. Some countries have developed
National Climate Change Policies (e.g. Madagascar, Malawi, Uganda and
Zambia), while others countries have National Adaptation Programmes of
Action (NAPA) in place (e.g. DRC, Tanzania, Uganda); and/or National
Climate Change Response Strategies (Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe).
However, those policies often lack instruments to achieve the goals
they set. Furthermore, they are not sufficiently connected across
sectors. There is a clear need for greater policy coherence to avoid
conflicts and create synergies. Finally, perverse incentives that hinder
CSA implementation (i.e. larger subsidies or other policy incentives
for practices that are not CSA) sometimes remain in place and need
revision.
Other challenges include limited material (including human resource)
capacity, insufficient smallholder participation in governance, and
persistent gender discrimination. There are not only financial
constraints but also limited access to technology for scaling up CSA
practices. Many CSA practices – notably those based on biotechnology,
but also suitable machinery for conservation agriculture or small-scale
farming – remain expensive and dependent on foreign actors. This reveals
an urgent need for South-South and North-South cooperation that
promotes the endogenous technological development of Africa.
For greater CSA uptake, it is also fundamental that smallholder,
particularly women, have greater participation in policy- and
decision-making. Currently, most agricultural and climate policies have
been top-down and carried out through “one-way” extension services that
tell farmers what to do but hardly listens to them. As a result, not
only there is a governance participation deficit, but also difficult
implementation. It is essential that institutions be revised to
eliminate discrimination against women (e.g. limiting their
participation in decision-making or their rights over land) and
incorporate the views, needs, interests and concerns of the smallholders
who make up the majority of farmers in Africa.
All in all, Eastern and Southern Africa hold great potential for CSA,
but this potential needs to be further explored. The region has a large
number of traditional agricultural practices as well as research-based
programmes and techniques that have CSA qualities. CSA promotion
requires concerted action from multiple actors, perhaps most notably
from governments themselves, as from non-state actors who can work as
CSA advocates. To the same extent that climate change poses an enormous
challenge to African agriculture, it may bring about an opportunity to
transform it. Not simply an opportunity to change its material basis,
but one to shift its policies, institutions, and development strategies
in the direction of sustainability and of a food-secure future free from
poverty.
The goal of the DRUSSA programme is strengthened university Research Uptake capacity for individuals and universities so as to better meet the demand for better utilisation of research findings.
